How inventions change history (for better and for worse)

Invented in 1793, the cotton gin changed history for good and bad. By allowing one field hand to do the work of 10, it powered a new industry that brought wealth and power to the American South -- but, tragically, it also multiplied and prolonged the use of slave labor. Kenneth C. Davis lauds innovation, while warning us of unintended consequences.

Comment on:

What was the “peculiar institution"?

Davis starts by saying, "Imagine a machine that could cut ten hours of work down to one." Describe an industry today that would benefit greatly from this kind of machine. Do you foresee any negative consequences? What are the positive implications for such an innovation?

We seldom think that technology or innovation can be harmful. Name some instances where technology has "gone wrong"? What have we done to combat this issue? Name a technology that has done incredible good for the world (without any known negative consequences).

According to Davis, a person could clean how much cotton by hand in a day?

Is there anything that has made your life easier, but you feel uncomfortable about it? An SUV instead of a hybrid? Disposable plastic as opposed to a reusable container? Describe this innovation and explain how you justify the personal dilemma.

Тест на модальные глаголы

grammar. modal verbs

. Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian. Analyze the usage of the modal verbs.

1)                    You shall go there. 2) You should help them. 3) I had to work hard last month as I was to take my examinations. 4) He was to come home at 5 but he didn’t come. 5) You ought to help them. 6) The students should not forget that it is impossible to acquire profound knowledge of any subject without great attention. 7) I am to meet my friends at the station. 8) You should read English texts every day. 9) He was to bring the necessary material I asked for. 10) You ought to write these exercises at once.

2. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the verb ought to and words suggested in your sentences.

Mrs. Brown is not well. (see a doctor)

She ought to see a doctor.

1.                     John is so untidy. (be neater)

2.                     Mary is so selfish. (help her relatives)

3.                     Mr. Brown isn’t punctual. (come in time)

4.                     Your friend is very rude. (be more polite)

5.                     Jane is so extravagant. (spend less on clothes)

6.                     Grandfather is so forgetful. (write down telephone messages)

7.                     The boys are idle too often. (study more)

8.                     Your husband works too much. (have a rest)

3. Extend the statements according to the pattern. Use the suggested words.

Don’t drink this medicine now. (in an hour)

You should drink it in an hour.

1.                     Don’t drive us to the station now. (in the afternoon)

2.                     Don’t clean your shoes now. (when you come back)

3.                     Don’t take off your coat now. (when it gets warmer)

4.                     Don’t cross the road now. (when there is no traffic)

5.                     Don’t speak to him now. (when he is not so busy)

6.                     Don’t write in pencil. (in ink)

7.                     Don’t copy the text here. (at home)

8.                     Don’t wake him up now. (in half an hour)

4. Answer the following questions according to the pattern. Use the suggested words.

Do we have to read this lesson for today?

(no/for tomorrow)

- No, we have to read it for tomorrow.

1.                     Do you have to go shopping in the afternoon? (no/right now)

2.                     Do they have to work in the laboratory now? (no/from one till two)

3.                     Do you have to take this medicine once a day? (no/three times a day)

4.                     Does she have to meet her little sister after school? (no/after the theatre)

5.                     Does Peter have to ring you up in the morning? (no/in the evening)

6.                     Do they have to write a dictation tomorrow? (no/today)

7.                     Do we have to come here at seven? (no/at eight)

8.                     Do they have to start the experiment now? (no/tomorrow morning)

5. Test-exercise.

1. The weather … change tomorrow.

a)                    may

b)                    must

c)                    should

2. She … to finish  school in a year.

a)                    may

b)                    has

c)                    is

3. I … to cover the whole  distance on foot.

a)                    can

b)                    have

c)                    must

4. … you help me?

a)                    could

b)                    should

c)                    must

5. I’m afraid the weather … change for the worse.

a)                    must

b)                    may

c)                    should

6. Somebody will … to meet her.

a)                    ought to

b)                    need

c)                    have to

7. The sky is dark. It … rain soon.

a)                    may

b)                    should

c)                    has to

8. The lights are on. They … be at home.

a)                    may

b)                    must

c)                    are to

9. You … to come here again.

a)                    must

b)                    should

c)                    have

6. Translate from Russian into English:

1. Вы должны прийти после занятий в лингафонный кабинет и поработать с этим текстом. 2. Простите, можно войти? 3. Вы не должны опаздывать. 4. Вам следует быть более внимательным. 5. Вы можете мне помочь? 6. Я не могу перевести это слово. 7. Вы должны принести словари к следующему уроку. 8. Вам не надо брать книгу. 9. Простите, здесь можно курить? 10. Здесь нельзя разговаривать громко. 11. Вы должны это сделать к вечеру. 12. Шерлок Холмс мог найти преступника, когда полиция Скотланд Ярда не в состоянии была это сделать.

Test paper

Заполните пропуски при помощи модальных глаголов (can,must,may)

1. I .... drive now but next year I ....... drive .
2. I  have never .....remember his name .
3. .....skate when you were six?
4.He says I .... tell him the truth.
5. He ... to drive last year .
6. I ..... look for another job next month .
7. The bell had gone and I .....answer the questions.
8. You  ... shout at children.
9. You ... leave you luggage here.
10. You ... have bought flowers yesterday .
11. You ... ( not) take dogs to the restaurant.
12. .... I use the telephone?

Participle I,2

What's the time?

Группа Continuous (exersices)

1. Look at the examples and say which of the rules they illustrate.

 1. Lucy is coming to see us on Sunday morning. 2. Tom was only 20 when the Second World War began. He was living with his mother at that time. 3. He is always borrowing money! 4. (In a restaurant) - What would you like to drink, sir? - Nothing, thank you. I'm driving. 5. At this time tomorrow I will be lying on the beach. 6. As I was walking down the road I saw Irene. 7. I can't take the phone: I am washing up. 8. While I was reading John was playing the guitar. 9. It was raining all night. 

2.Choose the correct tense: present simple or present continuous. 

1. Do you know that water (freezes/is freezing) at -4 °C. 2. Sue (looks/is looking) very smart today: she (wears/is wearing) her new black evening dress. 3. Robert (plays/is playing) football best of all in the team. 4. I (don't eat/am not eating) honey: it always (makes/is making) me sick. 5. What beautiful swans! Look! One (swims/is swimming) towards us. 6. - What (do you look/are you looking) at? - This book. It hasn't been here before. 7. - Can you explain the rule again? I (don't understand/am not understanding) it, I am afraid. 8. My father usually (has/is having) coffee in the morning, but today he (has/is having) tea. 9. Where (do you go/are you going)? May I go with you? 10. Fewer and fewer people (smoke/are smoking) tobacco nowadays.

 3. Match the questions and answers.

 1) What languages does he speak?

 2) Is he speaking German to us?

 3) Do you buy any periodicals?

 4) Why are you buying this funny hat? 

5) Do you go to the opera at all? 

6) Are you going with us? 

7) (At) what time do you usually get your mail?

 a) I like it. I think I can wear it at the Halloween party.

 b) Between seven and eight in the morning.

 c) Yes, dear. It is getting dark.

 d) Yes, he does. He is a great detective.

 e) I'd like to. f) Just one - his native. 

g) Sherlock Holmes is. He is a great detective.

 h) Yes, I do, but not many.

 i) I don't think so. I think he is speaking Spanish.

 j) I do, but not very often.

8) Are we going home already?

 9) Who is solving the mystery of the lost notebook? 

10) Does Holmes solve all the mysteries easily?

  

4 Put the verbs in the correct tenses. 

1. - What you (do) at about 9 o'clock tonight? - I don't know yet. Probably I (watch) television.

 2. - What you (think) about? - My brother. I often (think) about him these days.

 3. When I (be) younger, I (prefer) bananas to all fruits, but now I (eat) only citrous fruits. 

4. Yesterday evening, when my sister and I (do) our homework, the telephone (ring). I (answer) it and (hear) a strange voice.

 5. - Could you give me a lift? - Not today, I (not drive) I (go) by bus. Sorry.

 6. Tomorrow after classes John (work) in the library. He usually (go) to the library after classes. He (prepare) for his exams. 

7. - You (fly) to the sea or (go) by train? - I (fly); my flight is tomorrow morning.

 8 - Whom you (talk) to when I (meet) you in the shop? - To my friend. We (do) shopping together.

 9. - How can I get to the station? - I (take) you in my car. I (go) to the sta- 31 tion myself. 

10. Usually Mary (not make) mistakes in her spelling, but yesterday she (do) the spelling test rather badly. I hope she (learn) the new words now.

 11. They (walk) in silence for a long time and then Ben (turn) to Johnny and (smile), "Why you never (tell) me about your family?" he (ask).

 12. If someone (call), tell them I (be) free after seven.